The following are the guild ranks and rights and how to generally acquire them (ranks and rights aren't set in stone):
Ranks based on lvl:
Initiate: given upon joining to members lower than lvl 40
Scout: given to members lvl 40 or higher
Reservist: given to members lvl 60 or higher
Guard: given to members lvl 80 or higher
Protector: given to members lvl 100 or higher
Ranks based on xp donated:
Counselor: given to anyone who donates 20k xp or more
Diplomat: given to anyone who donates 100k xp or more
Secretary: given to anyone who donates 200k xp or more
Governor: given to anyone who donates 500k xp or more
Treasurer: given to anyone who donates 1mk xp or more
Ranks based on professions and skills:
Breeder: Given to the guild's dragoturkey breeder. Generally only those who have given 1mk or more will be allowed to breed dragoturkeys.
Craftsmen: Given to a lvl 100 smith, carver, tailor, shoemaker, jeweler, or magus
Pet killer: given to a lvl 100 in a food crafting profession
Poacher: Given to a lvl 100 in a gathering profession
Merchant: Given to lvl 100 alchemists
Special ranks
Second-in-command: chosen by the other second-in-commands and leaders.
Nuisance: Given to annoying members
Penitent: Given to members who break the rules (aka pricks)
On-trial: given to those who are involved in a dispute of some sorts
Chosen One: Given to the lowest member of the guild who's contributed to the guild. Other members should ideally help the chosen one
Muse: Given to entertaining and funny members of the guild
Mascot: Given to dedicated and spirited members
Mentor: Given to guild forum moderators
Treasure Hunter: Given to members with high Prospecting (300 or more)
Murderer: Given to the guild's best pvpers
Torturer: Given to the guild's dungeon runners (those who are always up to for dungeon runs)
Perceptor Killer: Given to guild pvpers
Thief: Given to those who like to run souls
Guide: Given to guild members who have volunteered to help out in events
Apprentice: Given to those members with a low lvl profession.
Dogsbody: Given to the guild's leechers
Recruiting Officer: Given to members who aid in running and coordinating events
Guild Rights
Manage own xp: granted upon joining
invite members: given upon joining
Place a perceptor: given to lvl 60s or higher
Collect from perceptor: given to those who have contributed 20k or more xp or lvl 100's or higher
Use the paddocks: given to lvl 60s or higher who have contributed 100k or more xp
Manage Other member's xp: given to those who have contributed 200k xp or more
Fit out the paddocks: given to breeders
Manage mounts: given to breeders
All other rights are only given to Second-in-commands or to players in special circumstances. Other ranks may be granted in special circumstances as well.